Who is involved
In recent years, Iraq has been navigating a complex landscape of military and political dynamics, particularly concerning the influence of Iran and the presence of US forces. Prior to the recent airstrikes, the expectation was that the Popular Mobilisation Forces (PMF), which are aligned with Iran, would operate with a degree of autonomy, particularly in regions like Anbar province. The PMF had been integrated into Iraq’s military framework, and their activities were often seen as a stabilizing force against ISIS remnants. However, the situation has dramatically shifted following a series of aerial attacks.
On March 24, 2026, an aerial attack on a military base in Anbar province resulted in the deaths of 15 fighters, including a commander. This marked a decisive moment, as it was reported to be the first time the PMF was targeted alongside the broader Iraqi military. The immediate aftermath saw another strike on March 25, which killed seven fighters and wounded 13, further escalating tensions. The PMF condemned these attacks as a blatant aggression, asserting that they constitute a grave violation of Iraq’s national sovereignty.
The Iraqi government reacted swiftly to these developments. Prime Minister Mohammed Shia al-Sudani instructed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to summon the US charge d’affaires in Baghdad, signaling a formal protest against the attacks on its military units. Additionally, Iraq’s Ministry of Defence labeled the airstrikes a “heinous crime,” indicating a strong governmental stance against foreign military actions on Iraqi soil. The government also announced intentions to file a formal complaint with the United Nations Security Council.
These events have direct implications for the parties involved. The PMF, which has been granted a “right to respond” to any attack against it, now faces a precarious situation where its operational capacity and legitimacy are being challenged. The strikes have not only targeted the PMF but have also underscored the increasing complexity of Iraq’s security environment, where US interests and Iranian influence are in constant contention.
Experts have noted that these strikes represent an escalation in terms of the PMF being targeted. Assed Baig, an analyst on Middle Eastern affairs, remarked that “increasingly, Iraq is becoming a battlefield between Iraqi armed factions and the United States.” This perspective highlights the growing friction between local forces and foreign military powers, which could lead to further instability in the region.
The backdrop of these tensions is rooted in the ongoing conflict between pro-Iran armed groups and US interests in Iraq. As the PMF continues to assert its role in Iraq’s military landscape, the potential for further confrontations remains high. The US Department of Defense has acknowledged that combat helicopters have carried out strikes against pro-Iran armed groups, indicating a shift in military engagement strategies.
As Iraq grapples with these developments, the implications for its sovereignty and internal stability are significant. The PMF’s condemnation of the airstrikes and the Iraqi government’s response reflect a broader struggle for control and influence within the country. The situation remains fluid, and details remain unconfirmed as both local and international stakeholders assess the evolving landscape.